The contemporary international system is increasingly shaped by intimidation as a distinct form of political action. Intimidation is rational and goal-oriented: it seeks to compel actors to abandon, avoid, or modify certain behaviours. Unlike provocation, which aims to trigger escalation, intimidation is designed to prevent action by imposing costs or fear. It reflects a conflictual vision of international relations based on hierarchy, coercion, and unequal power relations.

We will discuss several forms of intimidation, from the coercive behaviour of hegemonic powers to the asymmetric strategies used by weaker states and non-state actors. It also considers the role of “strongmen”, disproportionate retaliation, territorial conquest, and contemporary conflicts in Ukraine, Taiwan, and Gaza. Beyond military force, intimidation increasingly operates through sanctions, narratives, stigmatization, and political or economic pressure. 

With a final question: how can states resist intimidation, emphasizing vulnerability, resilience, deterrence, and the particular difficulties faced by European democracies.

FC

Frédéric Charillon is Professor of Political Science at Université Paris Cité, specializing in international relations, foreign policy and strategic affairs.

He is Co-Director of the Center for Geopolitics, Defense & Leadership at ESSEC Business School, where he teaches geopolitics, defense and international affairs. He previously co-founded and directed the Institute for Strategic Research at the French Military School (IRSEM).

His recent books include Géopolitique de l’intimidation: Seuls face à la guerre ? (Odile Jacob, 2025) and Guerres d’influence: Les États à la conquête des esprits (Odile Jacob, 2022). His research focuses on contemporary power relations, influence and intimidation strategies, diplomacy, and the changing international security environment.